Chapter 5- Research - Based Teaching and Learning in the 21st Century

Research-based Teaching means that the learners, teachers and the curriculum apply research- based approach in the learning- teaching process with an open outcome. The demands of the 21^st century are solving problems flexibly, thinking critically and creatively, using knowledge and skills in new situations, collaboration and communication skills and technology literacy. The Nine Categories of Instructional Strategies, first, Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback, Provide students with a direction for learning and information about how well they are performing relative to a particular learning objective so they can improve their performance. Second, Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition, provide students with abstract tokens of recognition or praise for their accomplishments related to the attainment of a goal. Third, Cooperative Learning provide students with opportunities to interact with one another in ways that enable their learning. Fourth, Cues, Questions, and Advance Organizers Enhance students’ ability to retrieve, use and organize what they already know about the topic. Skimming  it  is done when the teacher provides the learners with the opportunity to skim over the information that is about to be introduced, focusing on highlighted information. Graphic Organizers are used as a method of presenting information in the visual realm. They are efficient because they highlight and focus on just the important aspects and they also show relationships between necessary information. Graphic Organizers take on a plethora of avenues and looks, but the two most utilized are Venn Diagrams and Concept Mapping. Fifth, Non- linguistic Representations it Enhance student’s ability to represent and elaborate on knowledge using mental images. They are an imagery mode of representation. Express using images, sound, touch, and movement. Under non-linguistic representation are the following Creating Graphic organizers- a visual display that demonstrates relationships between facts, concepts or ideas. Descriptive Pattern can be used to represent facts about  specific persons, places, things, and events. Making Physical Models and Manipulative, Manipulative are physical tools of teaching that engage students visually and physically with objects.  Generating Mental Pictures, Mental Pictures are the representations of the physical world in a present’s mind. Creating Pictures, Illustrations and Pictographs by hand or on a computer is an opportunity for personalized learning. Engaging students in Kinesthetic Activity, students move around as part of learning activities, they create more neural networks in their brains and the learning stays with them longer. Sixth, Summarizing and Note Taking it enhance student's ability to synthesize information and organize it in a way that captures the main idea and supporting details. Summarizing  is how we take larger selections of text and reduce them to their bare essentials: the gist, the key ideas, the main points that are worth noting and remembering. A summary frame is a series of questions or statements that need to be completed. Reciprocal teaching refers to an instructional activity in which students become the teacher in small group reading sessions. Note Taking is the practice of writing down pieces of information in a systematic way. Six steps of Cornell note-taking: Record, during the lecture, record as many facts and ideas as possible in the notes column. Reduce, after the lecture, read through the notes taken and reduce to key words and phrases, or questions. Recite Using only the key words, phrases and questions in the cue word column recite the ideas and facts in the notes column. Reflect based on the facts and ideas learnt, reflect upon how this fits in with what you already know, and how this knowledge can be applied. Review, on a frequent basis, review your past notes by reciting and reflecting upon them. Recapitulate after you have reduced, recited and reflected upon your note, you should recapitulate each main idea using complete sentences at the bottom of the key word column. Seventh, Assigning Homework and Providing Practice it enhance student’s ability to reach the expected level of proficiency for a skill or process. Design homework that provides students with opportunities to practice skills and processes in order to increase their speed, accuracy, fluency and conceptual understanding or to extend their learning on a topic already learned. Eight is Identifying Similarities and Difference, enhance students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge by engaging them in a mental processes that involve identifying ways in which items are alike and objectives. Comparing. Classifying, creating metaphors and creating analogies and lastly the tenth one,  Generating and Testing Hypotheses enhance students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge by engaging them in mental processes that involve making and testing hypotheses. When students generate and test hypotheses they actually applied principles learned. They deepen their understanding of the principles upon which they base their hypotheses. Generating and testing hypotheses can be also applied in problem solving.

I have learned the two process of instructional planning framework. Set A pictures out the traditional way of teaching that just deals with selecting a topic from the curriculum, designing the instructional activities. designing and giving of assessment, giving grade or feedback and then moving on to new topic and then repeat again while set B identifies the modern way of teaching process, wherein first, selecting standards that the students need to know, designing an assessment through which students will have an opportunity to demonstrate those things, deciding learning opportunities that will allow students to learn those things and plan appropriate instruction to assure that each student has adequate opportunities to learn and then using data from the assessment to give feedback, reteach or move on to next topic. One of the features of OBE is “design down”. This means that in OBE you determine first the targets of the learning outcomes before you design instruction. In here, we were also able to select the best method of lesson planning. Important Points to Remember in Planning and Organizing Instruction, was also discussed and some of these are; Our daily teaching-learning is supposed to contribute to the realization of the vision statement of the DepEd., If you belong in a private institution , bear in mind the vision-mission statement of your school in addition to that of DepEd’s vision and mission statement and Consider too the Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF), the framework issued through Executive Order No. 83 by the office of the president on October 1, 2012.

As we can observe in the said processes, it’s clear that set b or the modern way of teaching is more relevant than the current. For the reason that, the teachers in set B have their intended outcomes to achieve unlike on set A wherein teachers just focus on a teaching process. Set A doesn’t clearly define learning there because it just merely focus on a teacher teaching her duties. There is In direct (deductive) instruction, teaching begins with the rule, generalization, abstraction or principle and ends with examples and details. In indirect (inductive) instruction, you begin your lesson with concrete experiences, details, examples and assists students to discover and give the real generalization and abstraction.